A rectangular coordinate system is a pair of perpendicular coordinate lines, called coordinate axes, which are placed So that they intersect at their origins.
The labeling of axes with letters x and y is a common convention, but any letters may be used. If the letter x and y are used to label the coordinate axes, then the resulting plane is called xy-plane. In applications it is common to use letters other than x and y is shown In the following figures, as uv-plane and ts-plane.
Ordered pair
By an ordered pair of real numbers we mean two real numbers in an assigned order. Every point P in a coordinate plane can be associated with a unique ordered pair of real numbers by drawing two lines through P, one perpendicular to the x-axis and the other to the y-axis.
A rectangular coordinate system is a pair of perpendicular coordinate lines, called coordinate axes, which are placed So that they intersect at their origins.
For example if we take (a,b)=(4,3), then on coordinate plane
The labeling of axes with letters x and y is a common convention, but any letters may be used. If the letter x and y are used to label the coordinate axes, then the resulting plane is called xy-plane. In applications it is common to use letters other than x and y is shown In the following figures, as uv-plane and ts-plane.
To plot a point P(a,b) means to locate the point with coordinates (a,b) in a coordinate plane. For example, different points are plotted.
In a rectangular coordinate system the coordinate axes divide the plane into four regions called quadrants. These are numbered counterclockwise with roman numerals as shown
Definition of Graph
The graph of an equation in two variables x and y is the set of points in the xy- plane whose coordinates are members of the solution set of that equation
Example: Sketch the graph of
Graph of y = x2
x
y = x2
(x,y)
0
0
(0,0)
1
1
(1,1)
2
4
(2,4)
3
9
(3,9)
-1
1
(-1,1)
-2
4
(-2,4)
-3
9
(-3,9)
This is an approximation to the graph of y = x2. In general, it is only with techniques
from calculus that the true shape of a graph can be ascertained.
Example: Sketch the graph of y = 1/x
X
y=1/x
(x,y)
1/3
3
(1/3,3)
1/2
2
(1/2,2)
1
1
(1 ,1)
2
1/2
(2,1/2)
3
1/3
(3,1/3)
-1/3
-3
(-1/3 , -3)
-1/2
-2
(-1/2 , -2)
-1
-1
(-1 , -1)
-2
-1/2
(-2, -1/2)
-3
-1/3
(-3,-1/3)
Because 1/x is undefined when x=0, we can plot only points for which x = 0
Example: Find all intercepts of
(a) 3x + 2y = 6f
(b) x = y2-2yf
(c) y = 1/x
Solution:
3x + 2y = 6 x-intercepts
Set y = 0 and solve for x 3x = 6 or x = 2
is the required x-intercept.
is the required y-intercept.
Similarly you can solve part (b), the part (c) is solved here
y = 1/x
x-intercepts
Set y = 0
1/x = 0 => x is undefined No x-intercept y-intercepts
Set x = 0
y = 1/0 => y is undefined => No y-intercept
In the following figure, the points (x,y), (-x,y),(x,-y) and (-x,-y) form the corners of a rectangle.
• symmetric about the x-axis if for each point (x,y) on the graph the point (x,-y) is also on the graph.
• symmetric about the y-axis if for each point (x,y) on the graph the point (-x,y) is also on the graph.
• symmetric about the origin, if for each point (x,y) on the graph the point (-x,-y) is also on the graph.
Definition:
The graph in the xy-plane of a function f is defined to be the graph of the equation y = f(x)
Example: 1
Sketch the graph of f(x) = x + 2
y = x + 2
graph of f(x) = x + 2
Example: 2 Sketch the graph of f(x) = |x|
y = |x|
|x| =
x if x ≥ 0, i.e. x is non-negative
-x if x < 0, i.e. x is negative
The graph coincides with the line y = x for x> 0 and with line y = -x
for x < 0 .
graph of f(x) = -x
On combining these two graphs, we get
graph of f(x) = |x|
Example: 4 Sketch the graph of
t(x) = (x2- 4)/(x - 2) =
= ((x - 2)(x + 2)/(x - 2)) =
= (x + 2) x ≠ 2
Hence this function can be written as
y = x + 2 x ≠ 2
Graph of h(x)= x2 - 4 Or x - 2
graph of y = x + 2 x ≠ 2
Example: 4 Sketch the graph of
g(x) =
1 if x ≤ 2
x + 2 if x > 2
Graphing functions by Translations
- Suppose the graph of f(x) is known
- Then we can find the graphs of
y = f(x) + c
y = f(x) - c
y = f(x + c)
y = f(x - c)
y = f(x) + c graph of f(x) translates
UP by c units
y = f(x) - c graph of f(x) translates
DOWN by c units
y = f(x + c) graph of f(x) translates
LEFT by c units
y = f(x - c) graph of f(x) translates
RIGHT by c units
Example: 7 Sketch the
graph of y = f(x) = |x - 3| + 2
Translate the graph of y = |x| 3 units to the RIGHT to get the graph of
y = |x-3|
Translate the graph of y = |x - 3| 2 units to the UP to get the graph of y = |x - 3| + 2
In this form we see that the graph can be obtained by translating the graph y = x2 right 2 units because of the x - 2, and up 1 units because of the +1.
y = f(x) + c
graph of f(x) translates UP by c units
y = f(x) - c
graph of f(x) translates DOWN by c units
y = f(x + c)
graph of f(x) translates LEFT by c units
y = f(x - c)
graph of f(x) translates RIGHT by c units
y = x2 - 4x + 5
Reflections
(-x, y) is the reflection of (x, y) about y-axis
(x, -y) is the reflection of (x, y) about x-axis
Graphs of y = f(x) and y = f(-x) are reflections of one another about the y-axis
Graphs of y = f(x) and y = -f(x) are reflections of one another about the x-axis
The graph can be obtained by a reflection and a translation:
- Draw a graph of y = x1/3
- Reflect it about the y-axis to get graph of y = (-x)1/3
- Translate this graph right by 2 units to get graph of
Here is the graph of y = (-x)1/3
If f(x) is multiplied by a positive constant c
The graph of f(x) is compressed vertically if 0 < c < 1
The graph of f(x) is stretched vertically if c > 1
The curve is not the graph of y = f(x) for any function f
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